男女羞羞视频在线观看,国产精品黄色免费,麻豆91在线视频,美女被羞羞免费软件下载,国产的一级片,亚洲熟色妇,天天操夜夜摸,一区二区三区在线电影

Sept 11 shapes rise of emerging nations

Updated: 2011-09-13 11:03

By Peter Apps (China Daily)

  Comments() Print Mail Large Medium  Small 分享按鈕 0

Sept 11 shapes rise of emerging nations

Preparations being made for a gathering of leaders from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) in Sanya, Hainan province, earlier this year.[Photo / Bloomberg]

Developing economies gain ground, change world picture

LONDON - As his global teleconference broke up in disarray on Sept 11, 2001, a top economist at a US investment bank began to ponder what the attacks on the United States might tell him about the future shape of the world. His conclusions had little to do with al-Qaida.

Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs Group Inc had been at a meeting in the World Trade Center only two days before, and flew home to London just hours before airliners slammed into New York's twin towers. About to become the head of the bank's global economics team, he was looking for a "big idea" to put a stamp on his leadership.

Soon, he had it: The decade after Sept 11 would be defined not by the world's sole superpower or the war on terror but by the rise of the four biggest emerging market economies - China, Russia, India and Brazil. O'Neill nicknamed them the "BRIC" nations after the first letter of their names.

"I'll never forget that day," O'Neill told Reuters. "It was right at the core of how I came up the whole thing ... Something clicked in my head that the lasting consequence of 9/11 had to be the end of American dominance of globalization ... that seems to be exactly what happened."

O'Neill, who now heads Goldman Sachs' global asset management business, coined the BRIC phrase in a pamphlet published in November 2001. The numbers from the past decade suggest the trend he identified will resonate more in world history than the strikes and their aftermath.

When O'Neill dreamed up the BRIC acronym, the four big emerging powers made up 8 percent of the world economy. The top five world economies were, in order, the United States, Japan, Germany, Britain and France.

Ten years later, the BRICs have grown faster than even O'Neill expected, constituting nearly 20 percent of the global economy. China is the world's second-largest economic power, while Britain - the closest ally of the US in the decade-long war on terror - has dropped out of the top five, overtaken by Brazil. India and Russia are not far behind.

Within days of the attacks on New York and Washington, the US launched a costly and attention-sapping global "war on terror" and was plotting retaliation against not just al-Qaida but also other members of what it saw as a wider "axis of evil", including Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

At first sight, the US and its allies appear to have won their war. The al-Qaida network is badly damaged, Osama bin Laden and other key leaders are dead and the group has not pulled off a major terror strike in the West for years.

What is less obvious is the cost of that apparent victory, both financially and diplomatically.

"For most of the first decade of the century, as the world economy gradually shifted its center of gravity toward Asia, the United States was preoccupied with a mistaken war of choice in the Middle East," said Joseph Nye, a former US undersecretary of state and defense as well as former chair of the National Intelligence Council and now a Harvard professor of international relations.

US actions, he said, critically undermined its "soft power" in diplomacy, values and culture, while diverting and ultimately weakening its military and economic "hard power".

The day before the attacks, the US national debt stood at a sliver under $5.8 trillion. A decade later, it has skyrocketed to $14.7 trillion.

Unfunded tax cuts, a post-financial crisis stimulus and other increased domestic spending account for much of that. But the US' post-9/11 conflicts added heavily to the burden.

One recent estimate from Brown University put the cost of the US wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan at up to $4.4 trillion - nearly a third of the total.

Wolfgang Ischinger, a former German deputy foreign minister appointed as ambassador to the US in 2001, said Sept 11 "burst the bubble" of any illusion that one superpower could rule the world.

"But in terms of importance for the global power situation, for global governance, I think the rise of the BRICS will have the more enduring effect."

South Africa joined the emerging economy bloc last year to make the group known as BRICS.

Ian Bremmer, president of political risk consultancy Eurasia Group, said the world has already moved on from Sept 11.

"In hindsight, 2008 was the seminal moment," Bremmer told Reuters. "Not only did we have the financial crisis, we also had the Beijing Olympics. Before that, China was seen simply as an emerging market - a backwater. Suddenly we saw them coming into their own."

China's financial and economic weight is growing. It now holds $1.2 trillion of US government debt, making China by far the biggest foreign investor in those securities.

When a government debt crisis hit Europe this year as buyers shunned the most indebted countries, leaders turned to China for help by buying up eurozone securities - a scenario unimaginable in the 20th century.

主站蜘蛛池模板: 通化县| 福建省| 扎赉特旗| 长子县| 莆田市| 青田县| 黔南| 且末县| 安多县| 壤塘县| 临沂市| 建湖县| 奉节县| 邵阳县| 武功县| 唐海县| 庆云县| 石泉县| 札达县| 南郑县| 秀山| 田林县| 阿瓦提县| 湘潭县| 溧水县| 闻喜县| 固阳县| 洞口县| 迭部县| 喀喇沁旗| 晋州市| 当阳市| 揭阳市| 林周县| 英吉沙县| 青冈县| 丰镇市| 文化| 河池市| 信阳市| 左权县| 庄浪县| 山西省| 六安市| 锡林郭勒盟| 微山县| 定安县| 桐庐县| 蕉岭县| 昆明市| 阳曲县| 昌乐县| 仁化县| 贞丰县| 枣庄市| 建始县| 鄂托克旗| 壶关县| 加查县| 阳高县| 巴中市| 军事| 广州市| 泰宁县| 武宁县| 浪卡子县| 承德县| 栾川县| 宝应县| 蓝山县| 郁南县| 安阳县| 蛟河市| 松原市| 泾川县| 邹城市| 子洲县| 汶上县| 郴州市| 鞍山市| 光泽县| 上栗县|