Goose bumps are avestigefrom the days when humans werecovered with hair.

When it's hot and you need to cool down, little muscles at the base of each hair relax. Your hair becomes relaxed. Your sweatglandspump out body heat in sweat. Your blood vessels get big to take more heat to the skin to get rid of it. When it's cold, the arrectormusclepulls the hair up. The duct to the sweat glands gets small toconserveheat. Our blood vessels also get small to save heat.

Hair standing up doesn't make very goodinsulationwe don't have enough fur for that. Humans don't have very much hair on their bodies anymore. Millions of years ago, humans probably did. And that hair standing on end helped keep people warmer. Those little muscles we have on the end of each hair still work. They still make goose bumps.

Cold is not the only thing that can cause our hair to stand on end. Fear or anger can cause the samereflex. The same is true for other mammals. You'll notice that on a cat or dog. Their fur gets bigger when they're angry or afraid.